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HX641 43503 

R154.T61  Sp61896  Memorial  of  Dr.  Jose 


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.*•  ♦Memorial  of  Dr<.  Joseph  M,   A'oner 

Rl5h*T6l    Sp6    1898 


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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

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MEMORIAL  OF  DR.  JOSEPH  M.  TONER. 


By  AiNSWORTH  R.  Spofford. 


Among  tbe  many  familiar  faces  wMcli  we  have  been  wont  to  see 
gathered  in  the  scientific,  literary,  and  professional  assemblies  of 
Washington,  there  has  been  no  more  striking  or  familiar  presence  than 
that  of  Dr.  Joseph  M.  Toner.  Cast  physically  in  a  frame  of  ample 
mold,  with  broad,  full  features,  and  a  massive  bald  head,  his  mobile 
countenance  ever  ready  to  relax  into  a  smile,  he  was  a  man  of  marked 
and  engaging  and  impressive  personality. 

In  attempting  to  summarize,  however  briefly  aud  imperfectly,  some 
estimate  of  our  late  associate,  of  his  mental  characteristics,  and  of  the 
work  which  he  has  done  in  the  world,  we  may  view  him  in  various 
aspects.     We  may  consider  him,  first  of  all,  as  a  student  and  investi- 
gator.   He  had  from  very  early  years  a  notable  zeal  for  knowledge, 
and  this,  unhke  the  experience  of  many  men  who  become  absorbed  in 
professional  routine,  may  be  said  to  have  grown  with  him  through  life. 
Born  in  1825  of  good  old  Pennsylvania  farmer's  stock,  the  slender 
intellectual  advantages  of  his  boyhood  were  supplemented  by  a  course 
of  one  year  at  the  Western  Pennsylvania  University  and  two  years  at 
St.  Mary's  College,  in  Maryland.     Choosing  the  medical  profession  for 
a  career,  he  spent  two  years  at  two  medical  colleges,  one  in  Vermont 
and  the  other,  Jefferson  Medical  College,  at  Philadelphia,  taking  his 
degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  from  each.    These  studious  years  gave 
him  a  considerable  knowledge  of  medical  and  hygienic  literature,  and 
after  a  brief  residence  at  Harpers  Ferry  in  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, he  removed  to  Washington  for  a  wider  field  in  the  year  1855. 
Here  he  at  once  entered  upon  a  practice  which  became  extensive  in  a 
~>  very  few  years.    But  his  habits  of  mind  gave  him  so  strong  a  bent 
^toward  scientific,  historical,  and  literary  pursuits  that  he  almost  wholly 
j^relinquished  the  active  practice  of  his  profession  during  the  later  years 
c  of  his  life,  prescribing  only  for  the  families  of  a  few  friends. 
5      Dr.  Toner  had  some  admirable  qualities  in  matters  of  research.    His 
J  perceptive  faculties  were  quick,  his  grasp  of  principles  firm,  and  his 
^  devotion  to  truth  was  paramount.    He  weighed  evidence  and  authori- 
ties with  care,  and  was  often  known  to  change  his  judgment  formed  on 
first  impressions  upon  maturer  investigation.    At  the  same  time,  he 

637 


638  MEMORIAL    OF    DR.    JOSEPH    M.    TONER, 

bad  tliat  strong  tendency  to  build  up  theories  which  is  common  t 
fertile  minds,  and  had  to  abandon  many  which  experience  and  observe 
tion  failed  to  substantiate.  Perhaps  the  leading  characteristic  of  hi 
l)ursuit  of  scientihc  subjects  was  assiduity  rather  than  originality.  H 
pursued  every  subject  which  interested  him,  especially  in  later  years 
with  an  energy  which  sought  out  all  the  means  of  elucidation  withii 
his  reach,  and  he  was  not  satisfied  until  he  had  seen  and  weighed  what 
ever  there  might  be  in  books  and  periodicals  upon  the  topic  in  hand. 

We  may  view  him  next  as  a  writer,  and  his  contributions  to  the  press 
were  neither  few  nor  small.  His  first  little  book,  "  Maternal  Instinct 
printed  in  1864,  at  Baltimore,  was  a  serious  discussion  of  the  functions 
and  the  duties  of  motherhood,  and  evinced  his  earnest  bent  toward 
practical  views  of  life.  His  second  book,  a  "Dictionary  of  Elevations 
and  Climatic  Register  of  the  United  States,"  published  at  Washington 
in  1874,  was  more  important.  It  was  the  first  attempt,  so  far  as  known, 
to  put  before  the  j)ublic  in  book  form  and  in  ali)habetical  order  tlie 
heights  above  sea  level  of  all  cities,  towns,  and  mountains  which  could 
be  ascertained.  These  were  scattered  through,  very  numerous  sources 
of  information,  in  periodicals,  Government  reports,  etc.,  and  to  gather 
them  together  involved  protracted  and  patient  labor,  for  which  Dr. 
Toner's  assiduous  zeal  in  pursuit  of  a  cherished  object  well  qualified 
him.  The  book,  as  published,  is  open  to  the  drawback  that  the  reader 
has  to  consult  two  alphabets  instead  of  one,  and  this  was  caused  by  the 
material  growing  upon  him  after  he  had  printed  off  a  large  portion  of 
the  w'ork,  which  forms  the  first  alphabet.  This  may  be  regarded  as  an 
object  lesson  to  authors  and  compilers  not  to  be  too  hasty  in  going  to 
press,  observing  the  Horatian  rule  of  a  nine  years'  incubation  rather 
than  to  bring  out  an  immature  production,  ever  mindful  of  the  Eoman 
maxim,  "Litera  scripta  manet."  Still,  it  is  most  creditable  to  the  subject 
of  our  notice  to  have  been  the  i)ioneer  in  a  field  of  scientific  research 
which  has  had  many  more  recent  publications,  under  the  auspices  of 
various  bureaus  of  the  Government  connected  with  military,  geological, 
and  geodetic  surveys. 

In  the  field  of  medical  and  hygienic  literature  Dr.  Toner  published, 
in  1874,  "  Contributions  to  the  Annals  of  Medical  Progress  and  Medical 
ICducation  in  the  Uuited  States,"  which  was  brought  out  by  the 
Bureau  of  Education.  Shortly  after  appeared  his  "Address  before  the 
liocky  Mountain  Medical  Association,"  afterwards  exi^anded  into  a  vol- 
ume (Washington,  1877),  and  abounding  in  historical  and  biographical 
material  concerning  early  American  physicians  and  surgeons.  He  very 
early  made  it  a  special  object  to  collect  from  the  most  widely  scattered 
sources  all  the  information  existing  relating  to  the  men  of  his  profession 
during  the  period  of  the  American  Pevolution.  It  was  this  pursuit, 
occui)ying  several  years'  labor,  which  first  gave  him  that  strong  bent 
toward  historical,  and  especially  biographical,  investigations,  which 
finally  absorbed  nearly  all  of  his  time  and  energies.     To  gather  this 


MEMORIAL    OF    DR.    JOSEPH    M.    TONER.  639 

material  he  Aveut  laboriously  tlirougli  the  nine  folio  volumes  of  Force's 
American  Archives,  all  the  histories  of  the  Eevolutionary  period,  mili- 
tary journals,  and  personal  memoirs,  and  medical  and  i)eriodical  publi- 
cations without  number.  The  result  was  seen  in  his  volume  entitled 
"The  Medical  Men  of  the  Eevolution,"  containing  sketches  of  the  lives 
and  services  of  nearly  twelve  hundred  physicians  and  surgeons,  an 
invaluable  compilation,  which  is  highly  regarded  by  the  profession. 
He  also  wrote  a  "  iTecrology  of  the  Physicians  of  the  Late  War,"  and 
"  Statistics  of  the  Public  Health  Associations  of  the  United  States." 

Dr.  Toner  at  one  time  made  a  special  study  of  epidemics,  collecting 
every  book  and  i)amj)hlet  on  which  he  could  lay  hands,  and  he  pub- 
lished the  results  of  his  studies  in  several  x)amphlets  on  cholera,  small- 
X)ox,  inoculation,  vaccination,  and  yellow  fever.  One  of  his  contribu- 
tions to  hygienic  literature  was  "Free  parks  and  camping  grounds  in 
summer  for  the  children  of  the  poor  in  large  cities,"  a  pamphlet  twice 
printed,  which  urges  in  forcible  style  the  merits  of  that  charity  which 
has  organized  the  "  fresh-air  funds"  in  so  many  cities,  and  which  consti- 
tutes one  of  the  best  and  most  useful  forms  of  practical  beneficence. 
One  of  his  incidental  contributions  to  history  was  "  Notes  on  the  burn- 
ing of  theaters  and  public  halls,"  (1876),  occasioned  doubtless  by  the 
burning  of  the  National  Theater  in  this  city.  This  publication  em- 
bodies a  long  and  melancholy  chronicle  of  the  conflagration  of  buildings 
devoted  to  public  assemblies,  so  often  fatal  to  human  life,  enforcing  the 
lesson  which  is  never  learned,  that  the  sole  safety  of  the  community 
lies  in  building  public  edifices  fireproof  in  every  part. 

In  the  later  years  of  his  life  the  zeal  and  energy  of  Dr.  Toner's  active 
mind  were  largely  concentrated  upon  one  subject — the  writings  and  the 
military  and  civil  career  of  George  Washington.  To  this  he  devoted 
money  and  time  almost  literally  without  stint.  The  fruits  of  his  Wash- 
ingtonian  researches,  which  have  been  embodied  in  jiermanent  form, 
comprise  more  than  a  dozen  books  and  pamphlets,  besides  numerous 
articles  in  historical  and  literary  magazines  and  in  newsi^apers.  Among 
the  latter  were  "  Wills  of  the  American  ancestors  of  George  Washing- 
ton," in  the  New  England  Genealogical  Register  (1891);  "George 
Washington  as  an  inventor  and  promoter  of  theuseful  arts,"  published  in 
the  memorial  volume  of  the  Centenary  Celebration  of  the  Patent  System 
in  the  United  Statesin  1891;  "Washington's  neighbors;"  "Thehomeof 
Washington;"  "Excerpts  from  the  account  books  of  George  Washing- 
ton; ''  Washington's  youth  and  early  career;"  "Kith  and  kin  of  Wash- 
ington," and  "  Some  account  of  George  Washington's  library  and  manu- 
script records,  and  their  dispersion  from  Mount  Vernon,"  issued  by  the 
American  Historical  Association  as  a  part  of  its  annual  papers  for  1893. 
The  latter  furnishes  the  only  systematic  account  ever  published  of  the 
remarkable  history  of  the  Washington  manuscripts,  widely  scattered 
as  they  are,  and  it  is  of  permanent  value.  Besides  his  own  contributions 
illustrative  of  the  personal  and  public  history  of  Washington^  his  char- 


640  MEMORIAL    OF    DK.    JOSEPH    M.    TONER. 

acter,  liabits.  social  and  domestic  relations,  etc.,  Br.  Toner  edited  and 
published  no  less  than  five  of  Washington's  original  journals  and  other 
writings.  These  include  Washington's  "Rules  of  civility  and  decent 
behavior  in  comjiany  and  conversation"  (1888);  "Journal  of  George 
Washington's  journey  over  the  mountains,  beyond  the  Blue  Ridge,  in 
1847-48"  (1892);  "The  daily  journal  of  Maj.  George  Washington  on  a 
tour  from  Virginia  to  the  island  of  Barbadoes  in  1751-2"  (1892) ;  "Journal 
of  Col.  George  Washington,  across  the  Alleghany  Mountains  in  1754" 
(1893),  and  "Diary  of  Colonel  Washington  for  August,  September,  and 
October,  1774  "  (1893).  All  of  these  were  accompanied  by  copious  notes 
elucidating  the  text,  describing  the  topography  of  the  regions  traversed 
by  Washington  in  his  various  expeditions,  identifying  the  various  per- 
sons referred  to  in  the  narrative,  and  supplying  references  to  books  and 
authorities  bearing  upon  any  of  the  incidents  involved.  In  some  cases 
these  notes  far  exceed  the  text  in  volume,  and  they  are  invaluable  aids 
to  the  historical  inquirer.  In  the  case  of  the  Barbadoes  journal.  Dr. 
Toner  went  through  all  the  literature  to  be  found  relating  to  that  island, 
giving  lists  of  the  settlers  and  describing  the  persons  and  places  visited 
by  the  youthful  Washington  (then  20  years  of  age)  so  far  as  possible. 

We  may  now  consider  the  subject  of  our  sketch  as  a  collector  of 
books  and  of  historical  material.  The  passion  of  collecting,  so  common 
among  men  of  literary  tastes  and  habits  of  research,  but  which  is  so 
seldom  carried  to  the  utilization  of  their  stores  by  the  collectors,  was, 
in  the  case  of  Dr.  Toner,  very  early  developed  after  he  came  to  Wash- 
ington. He  was  for  forty  years  a  familiar  figure  in  nearly  all  the  book- 
stores, book  auctions,  and  junk  shops  of  this  and  of  some  other  cities, 
and  though  reputed  a  close  buyer,  he  expended  largely  in  amassing 
medical,  historical,  and  biographical  literature.  While  his  specialty 
at  first  was  medical  science,  it  soon  became  enlarged  to  embrace  local 
history  in  general  and  what  related  to  the  city  of  Washington  and  the 
District  of  Columbia  in  particular.  He  came  to  be  well  known  as  an 
authority  widely  consulted  upon  matters  relating  to  the  national  capital. 

The  writer  well  remembers  the  zeal  and  eagerness  of  the  Doctor,  on 
our  first  acquaintance  in  1862,  to  avail  himself  of  whatever  his  friend 
could  contribute  to  his  information  resi)ecting  the  authors,  editions,  and 
prices  of  books.  From  that  time  on,  the  ample  mansion  on  Louisiana 
avenue  was  the  constant  recipient  of  ever  fresh  stores  of  books,  pamx)h- 
lets,  and  periodicals.  In  the  pursuit  of  his  special  object,  the  biography 
of  early  American  i)hysicians  up  to  the  Revolution,  he  was  gradually 
led  to  amass  material  which  ultimately  develof>ed  into  a  far  wider  field, 
namely,  first,  the  personal  history  of  all  American  i)hysicians,  and, 
secondly,  the  biography  of  all  Americans  inclusively.  He  carried  out 
the  idea  of  collecting  these  materials  to  a  much  farther  point  than  is 
customary  even  among  the  most  assiduous  collectors.  His  aim  included 
the  exploiting  of  a  neglected  field.  Leaving  to  larger  library  collections 
and  to  fuller  purses  the  amassing  of  a  great  library  of  biographies,  he 


MEMORIAL    OF    DR.    JOSEPH    M.    TONER.  641 

set  to  work  to  gather  up  the  obscure  and  forgotten  facts,  the  disjecta 
membra  of  his  subject.  With  this  aim  he,  for  several  years,  had  all 
the  exchanges  of  the  newspaper  offices  searched  for  obituary  notices 
appearing  from  day  to  day,  cut  up  the  contents  of  biographical  dic- 
tionaries and  directories  of  Congress,  and  ransa?cked  all  periodicals  for 
biographical  sketches.  The  immense  mass  of  material  thus  gathered  he 
had  mounted  upon  uniform  sheets  of  paper  and  arranged  in  strict  alpha- 
betical order,  thus  embodying  for  the  readiest  reference  a  great  mass  of 
fugitive  biographical  data  quite  inaccessible  to  the  ordinary  inquirer. 
This  valuable  index,  arranged  in  two  extensive  cases  of  drawers,  forma 
a  part  of  the  Toner  collection  in  the  Congressional  Library. 

In  like  manner  the  Doctor  made  another  collection  of  obituaries  and 
biographical  sketches  of  all  American  physicians  commemorated  in 
periodicals. 

But  the  specially  cherished  design,  very  nearly  fulfilled,  of  the  lat- 
ter years  of  his  life  was  the  collection  of  an  absolutely  complete 
assemblage  of  all  the  letters  and  other  writings,  printed  and  manu- 
script, of  George  Washington.  Dr.  Toner  had  an  idea  that  everything 
which  Washington  wrote  was  valuable,  or  would  become  so,  to  his 
countiymen.  He  found  that  the  j)riuted  collections  of  Washington's 
writings  by  Sparks  and  others,  who  i)ermitted  themselves  to  amend 
the  grammar,  the  style,  and  the  orthography  of  their  illustrious  sub- 
ject, are  quite  untrustworthy  as  transcripts  of  what  he  really  wrote. 
So  he  had  strictly  verbatim  copies  made  of  every  paper  in  the  vast 
collection  of  the  Department  of  State,  and  followed  it  up  by  securing 
exact  copies  of  every  original  Washington  letter  found  in  historical 
societies  and  library  collections,  public  and  private,  throughout  this 
country  and  in  Europe.  Where  no  access  to  an  original  could  be  had, 
he  procured  and  mounted  printed  copies,  ransacking  all  American 
books,  periodicals  and  newsjiaiiers  he  could  find,  and  watching  every 
Ijrint  of  a  Washington  letter,  to  seize  it  for  his  collection,  if  not  already 
there.  This  great  thesaurus  of  Washingtoniana,  much  the  fullest  yet 
gathered  in  any  one  collection,  he  arranged  in  strict  chronological  order 
of  the  papers,  and  deposited  it  in  his  lifetime  in  the  Congressional 
Library.  Thus  was  performed  a  most  useful  and  inestimable  service 
to  the  historical  student. 

We  may  next  view  our  associate  as  a  patron  of  letters  and  a  public 
benefactor.  He  founded  and  endowed  in  1872  a  course  of  public  lec- 
tures, designed  to  encourage  the  discovery  of  new  truths  for  the 
advancement  of  medical  science.  He  conveyed  about  $3,000  in  real 
and  personal  property  to  five  trustees,  consisting  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  Surgeon- General  of  the  United  States 
Army,  the  Surgeon -General  of  the  Navy,  the  president  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  instituting  thereby  "The  Toner 
lecture  fund."  Ninety  per  cent  of  the  interest  of  the  fund  was  to  be 
applied  for  at  least  two  annual  memoirs  or  essays  by  different  indi- 
SM  96 41 


642  MEMORIAL    OF    DR.    JOSEPH    M.    TONER. 

viduals  relative  to  some  branch  of  medical  science,  to  be  read  in  th 
city  of  Wasliington,  under  the  name  of  "The  Toner  lectures,"  each 
of  these  memoirs  or  lectures  to  contain  some  new  truth  fully  estab- 
lished by  experiment  or  observation." 

As  these  lectures  were  intended  to  increase  and  diffuse  knowledge, 
several  of  them  were  accepted  for  publication  in  the  Smithsonian 
Miscellaneous  Collections.  The  first  of  the  course  was  by  Dr.  J.  .1. 
Woodward,  "On  the  structure  of  cancerous  tumors,"  and  was  printed 
in  1873.  Nine  other  lectures,  by  Dr.  C.  E.  Brown-Sequard,  Dr.  J.  M. 
Da  Costa,  Dr.  W.  Adams,  Dr.  E.  O.  Shakespeare,  Dr.  G.  E.  Waring,  jr., 
Dr.  C.  K.  Mills,  and  Dr.  Earrison  Allen,  have  since  been  published  by 
the  Institution,  the  last  having  appeared  in  1890.  The  original  fund,  of 
which  one-tenth  of  the  annual  interest  was  to  be  added  to  the  principal 
and  the  residue  devoted  to  an  honorarium  for  the  lecturers,  has  grown 
to  over  $5,000  by  careful  investment.  It  affords  a  practical  example 
of  a  wise  method  of  endowment  by  which  even  a  small  sum  may  be 
made  to  yield  instruction  to  large  audiences  for  a  series  of  years. 

Dr.  Toner  gave  a  gold  medal  for  three  years  to  proficient  students  in 
Jefferson  College,  and  a  similar  medal  for  many  years  past,  known  as 
the  Toner  medal,  has  been  awarded  at  Georgetown  University,  for  the 
best  essay  upon  some  topic  in  natural  science. 

His  most  notable  public  benefaction,  however,  was  his  gift  in  1882 
of  his  entire  private  library  to  the  Government,  the  first,  and  thus  far 
the  sole  instance  of  any  considerable  collection  being  thus  bestowed 
by  any  j)rivate  citizen.  The  gift,  comprising  about  27,000  volumes — 
medical,  historical,  and  miscellaneous — besides  a  multitude  of  pam- 
phlets and  periodicals,  was  accepted  by  a  special  act  of  Congress,  and 
a  bust  of  Dr.  Toner,  executed  in  marble  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward,  was  ordered 
by  the  Library  Committee,  and  is  placed,  with  the  admirable  full  length 
oil  portrait  of  him  by  E.  F.  Andrews,  in  the  Library. 

Dr.  Toner,  in  addition  to  this  gift  in  his  lifetime,  bequeathed  by  will 
all  his  remaining  books,  mania^scripts,  i^ictures,  and  curios  to  the 
Library  of  Congress,  while  to  the  Cambria  County  Medical  Associa- 
tion, at  Johnstown,  Pa.,  he  has  given  all  duplicates  of  his  books  and 
periodicals. 

^  The  Toner  collection,  while  of  course  it  largely  duplicates  what  is 
already  in  the  Congressional  Library,  also  supplements  that  collection 
in  many  important  directions,  especially  in  medical  journals,  while  the 
special  and  unique  collections  in  biography  and  Washingtoniana, 
already  referred  to,  give  to  it  a  great  and  permanent  value.  It  has 
been  catalogued,  excepting  a  portion  of  its  pamphlets  and  serials,  and 
wliile  hitherto  it  has  never  been  adequately  or  even  respectably  stored, 
because  of  the  utter  want  of  room  in  the  Capitol,  a  place  of  honor  in  a 
corner  pavilion  of  the  new  Library  building,  selected  by  Dr.  Toner, 
will  be  devoted  to  the  arrangement  and  preservation  of  his  collection. 

It  may  be  hoped  that  other  collectors  of  valuable  libraries  and  of 


ir 


MEMORIAL    OF   DR.    JOSEPH    M.    TONER.  643 

manuscripts  may  emulate  tbe  laudable  example  here  set,  and  perpetuate 
their  names  and  render  their  collections  in  the  highest  degree  useful 
by  endowing  the  American  public,  through  its  Government  Library, 
with  the  valuable  stores  which  they  may  no  longer  use. 

Dr.  Toner  was  honored  by  being  chosen  president  of  several  societies, 
including  the  American  Medical  Association,  the  American  Public 
Health  Association,  each  of  the  two  Medical  societies  of  the  District 
of  Columbia,  the  Literary  society,  the  Columbia  Historical  Society,  the 
Washington  National  Monument  Society,  etc.  He  was  offered,  but 
declined,  professorships  in  medical  colleges,  preferring  a  more  compre- 
hensive field  of  labor. 

In  the  last  few  years  Dr.  Toner  had  suffered  occasionally  from  internal 
derangement  of  certain  organs,  evincing  that  his  naturally  strong  con- 
stitution was  being  slowly  undermined.  But  he  Avorked  on,  putting  the 
best  face  upon  the  visitations  of  disease,  until  the  summer  of  1896, 
when  he  was  in  the  midst  of  his  vacation  at  Cresson  Springs,  Pa., 
where  he  suddenly  breathed  his  last,  seated  in  his  easy  chair,  on  the 
•31st  of  August,  1896. 

In  conclusion,  all  who  knew  him  will  concur  with  me  that  the  seventy 
7ears  of  our  departed  friend  and  brother  represent  an  earnest,  laborious, 
and  highly  useful  life.  To  few  men,  indeed,  is  it  given  to  win  so  much 
Df  public  respect  and  honor;  so  much,  also,  of  more  tender  regard  and 
sympathy.  His  genial  companionship,  his  warm  and  widely  dispensed 
iaospitality,  and  his  encouraging  presence  and  aid  in  every  good  word 
md  work,  will  be  widely  missed  and  long  remembered  in  the  city  of 
Washington. 


;<i 


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R154.T61  Sp6 

1896 


Spofford 

Memorial  of  Dr.   Joseph  M. 
Toner. 


MAY  -q 


e«   195 


Ann 


Annex 


^-  U-  B/NC-- 


